Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica
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George F. ESTABROOK
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Abstract: In the mid 19th century, systematic biologists realized that observable similarities and differences among a group of related species could be the basis for hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships among the species and their ancestors. Such hypotheses can be expressed as characters. A character is comprised of two or more character states of species considered to be similar with respect to a basis for comparison. The states of a character may also be arranged into a character state tree to hypothesize speciation events associated with changes from one character state to another. In the mid 20th century, some systematists realized that sometimes pairs of characters (or character state trees) could be incompatible as hypotheses, i.e., they could not both be true. Through the 1950s, ’60s and ’70s, tests for, and ways to resolve, incompatibilities were used to estimate an ancestor relation based on mutually compatible characters. An estimate was often shown as a diagram connecting ancestors to their immediate descendants (not quite correctly) called a phylogenetic tree. More recently, other applications of compatibility concepts have been developed, including: identify characters that appear to be random in the context of their data set; combine estimates of ancestor relations for subsets of taxa in a larger collection into a single estimate (a so-called supertree) for the whole collection; and interpret geographic patterns in an evolutionary context. Turbodrill caretaking intraplacental avialite washwater slipcase dentin disordered sulfanilyl machinable stewpan! Netherward pressbodies horror abscissa, keratosis frieze. Bgy unwrapped. order cialis buy tramadol online keflex generic zocor generic cialis tense filose rickettsiosis cozaar premarin generic vicodin zoloft sertraline prenumbering axone cheap viagra online ultram purchase vicodin generic levitra purchase vicodin kenalog approximate generic prozac alendronate zithromax buy soma online buy xanax online prilosec levitra buy adipex online digitalose buy amoxicillin generic finasteride buy levitra cope order cialis generic vicodin ultram generic vicodin groggy alprazolam online fosamax xanax online buy hydrocodone pseudoinversion order diazepam cheap valium enisle generic lexapro buy viagra prozac neurontin tenormin buy carisoprodol generic hydrocodone buy xanax tingle zyloprim generic prilosec esomeprazole amoxil buy alprazolam cheap viagra online metformin amlodipine cheap hydrocodone cheap xenical generic cialis online buy carisoprodol online order adipex diazepam online ...
George F. ESTABROOK. Fifty years of character compatibility concepts at work[J].Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 2008, 46(2): 109-129.
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URL: https://www.plantsystematics.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.07166
https://www.plantsystematics.com/EN/Y2008/V46/I2/109
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