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  • 电力科技与环保
    Electric Power Technology and Environmental Protection
    (双月刊,1985年创刊)
    主管单位:中国国电集团公司
    主办单位:国电科学技术研究院
    编辑出版:《电力科技与环保》编辑部
    ISSN 1674-8069 CN 32-1808/X
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Phylogeny and putative hybridization in the subtribe Paranepheliinae (Liabeae, Asteraceae), implications for classification, biogeography,and Andean orogeny
Akiko SOEJIMAJun WEN, Mario ZAPATA, Michael O. DILLON
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08065
Abstract10640)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (6947KB)(1844)       Save
The nuclear ribosomal ITS region and the chloroplast trnL-trnF (trnLF) intergenic region were sequenced for 45 accessions of Paranephelius and six accessions of Pseudonoseris, the two genera of the subtribe Paranepheliinae (Liabeae, Asteraceae) distributed in the alpine regions of the Andes. This data set was used to estimate relationships between these genera and within each genus to aid in evaluating morphological variation and classification. Our results with both ITS and trnLF markers support the monophyly of subtribe Paranepheliinae, and place Pseudonoseris discolor as the first diverged taxon sister to the clade containing Paranephelius. Pseudonoseris szyszylowiczii exhibited intraspecific divergence supporting intergeneric hybridization between Pseudonoseris and Paranephelius. Within Paranephelius, genetic divergence is low and not adequate to fully resolve phylogenetic relationships at the species level, but two genetically and morphologically recognizable groups were revealed by the ITS data. Several accessions possessing multiple ITS sequences represent putative hybrids between the two groups. These putative hybrids have caused some taxonomic confusion and difficulties in establishing species boundaries in Paranephelius. The divergence time estimates based on ITS sequences indi-cated that the stem of subtribe Paranepheliinae dates to 13 million years ago, but the diversification of the crown clade of the extant members began in the early Pleistocene or late Pliocene, perhaps associated with the uplift of the Andes and the climatic changes of global cooling.

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Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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A Chemotaxonomic Study of Murraya (Rutaceae) in China
But Paul Pui-Hay, Kong Yun-Cheng, Ng Kam-Hung, Chang Hung-Ta, Li Qian, Yu Si-Xao, Waterman Peter G.
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica   
Abstract7545)   HTML0)    PDF(pc) (316KB)(992)       Save
1.  Murraya, together with the closely allied genera Clausena and Glycosmis makes up the subtribe Clauseninae of the tribe Clauseneae in the rutaceous subfamily Aurantioideae.  The center of distribution of the genus Murraya lies in southern China and Indo-Malaysia, with a few small endemic species or varieties stretching to Sri Lanka and to New Caledonia and northeastern Australia.  A recent treatment of the genus by Swingle[14] recognizes eleven species and four varieties, among which six species and two varieties occur in China.  Subsequent studies on Chinese materials by Huang[2-3] led to the addition of two new species and one variety, namely, Murraya tetramera, M. Kwangsiensis, and M. kwangsiensis var. macrophylla; the former species, M. tetramera, has since been found to be identical with M. euchrestifolia[4-5]. Huang also reinstated M. exotica as a species distinct from M. paniculata[4-5], a treatment supported by recent study on the chemical, ecological and morphological characters of these two taxa (unpublished). Moreover, two of the varieties recognised by Swingle, namely, M. paniculata var. omphalocarpa and M. alata var. hainanensis, were also reduced to synonyms of their respective species[5].  Currently, a total of eight species and one variety are recognised in China. Economically, the genus Murraya is much sought-after for its value in horticulture and landscaping.  The fresh leaf of M. koenigii is a constant and essential component in preparing curry.  Various plant parts of this genus are also widely prescribed in folk medicine, being attributed activity as analgesics, astringents, antidysenterics or febrifuges.  The root and stem of M. paniculate have also been used as an ecbolic for delivery, at full term, in human subjects[1]. Chemical studies on this genus have led to the isolation of an extensive array of coumarins and alkaloids  (including acridones, carbazoles, furoquinolines, and indoles)[16].  Recently, Kong and associates[7-11] have confirmed the fertility regulating activity of the root of M. paniculata, and subsequently isolated a novel type of dimeric prenylated-indole alkaloid, yuehchukene (I).  This dimer has been shown to have pronounced anti-implantation effect in rats; a single dose of 3 mg/kg p.o. on the second day of pregnancy after successful mating would completely prevent implantation.  However, the yield of yuehchukene obtained from M. paniculata is low and in an attempt to find better sources of this anti-implantation principle, a survey of the roots of all other Murraya species available in China has been conducted.  Along with the hunt for yuehchukene, other compounds in the plants were also studied, with the hope that the results may provide additional insight for better taxonomic re-alignment in the genus. 2.  Yuebchukene was found in the root samples of three species, namely, M. alata, M. exotica and M. paniculata (in cluding two samples of M. paniculata var. omphalocar- pa from Taiwan).  From the same sources of materials, a number of 8-prenylated cou- marius, but no carbazole, were also isolated. Four of the remaining species, viz. M. cre- nulata, M. cuchrestifolia, M. koenigii and M. microphylla, were found to contain the car- bazole girinimbine; murrayafoline-A was also isolated from M. crenulata and M. euchre- stifolia. The last species, M. kwangsiensis, was found to contain an unidentified carba- zole.  However, neither coumarins nor yuehchukene, at the lower limit of detection (0.1 mg/100 g), were found in these five species. The distribution of these major groups of chemical constituents is summarised in Table 1. 3.  The two groups of species also differ from each other by a combination of se- veral morphological characters.  Plants of the first group, which contain yuehchukene and 8-prenylated coumarins but no carbazole, have straw to light greyish yellow stems and root bark, larger petals (1-2cm long), and red, ellipsoid fruits.  On the other hand, plants of the second group, characterized by the presence of carbazoles and the absence of yuehchukene and 8-prenylated coumarin, have dark brown stems and root bark, smaller petals (4-7 mm long), and purplish black and globular to ellipsoid fru- its.   4.  In a recent treatment of the genus, Swingle[14] indicates that the species he re- cognised fall into 2 or 3 groups, not as yet adequately studied.  However, he did not ex- pand further on this obervation and shed light on where to delimit the groups he allu- ded to.  Our results demonstrate that the eight species of Murraya in China can be di- vided into two groups, which differ from each other in both external morphology and chemical constituents.  Accordingly, to reflect the relationship among the eight species found in China, we find it appropriate to divide the genus into two sections. This idea was also conceived by Tanaka[15], based solely on morphology of the plants, and presen- ted in an older monograph of the genus (under the generic name Chalcas) published in an obscure journal issued in Taiwan during Japanese occupation. Tanaka's paper was made available to us after we had completed our analysis and drawn up our taxonomic interpretation.  Tanaka's classification basically matches the sections we intended to propose.

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Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica   
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A pharmacophylogenetic study of Aconitum L. (Ranunculaceae) from China
XIAO Pei-Gen, WANG Feng-Peng, GAO Feng, YAN Lu-Ping, CHEN Dong-Lin, LIU Yong
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.1360/aps050046
Abstract6467)   HTML12)    PDF(pc) (2860KB)(2280)       Save
Aconitum L. (Ranunculaceae) is a large genus of about 300 species distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This genus consist of three well-circumscribed subgenera, subgen. Lycoctonum (DC.) Peterm., subgen. Aconitum and subgen. Gymnaconitum (Stapf) Rapaics. The southwestern China, particularly its Hengduan Mountains region, is the most important center of diversity and speciation of the genus. Many species in this genus have been used as poisonous and medicinal plants. This paper is to evaluate the taxonomic value of diterpenoid alkaloids mainly at subgeneric and serial levels of the genus Aconitum based on an analysis of the distribution of diterpenoid alkaloids in the Chinese species and of their biogenetic pathways. The correlation between phylogeny, chemical constituents and pharmaceutical uses in the genus Aconitum is also discussed from the data of the toxicity and therapeutic value of the species in the genus, a research field for which the term “pharmacophylogenetics” is here specifically coined. The major points of the paper are summarized as follows:
  1. Diterpenoid alkaloids known in plants fall into four skeletal types: C18, C19, C20 and bisditerpenoid alkaloids. They can be further subdivided into 14 subgroups, namely, C18: appaconine-type (I) and ranaconine-type (II); C19:??aconitine-type (III), lycoctonine-type (IV), 7,17-seco-type (V) and lactone-type (VI); C20:?atisine-type (VII), denudatine-type (VIII), hetidine-type (IX),?hetisine-type (X),?veatihine-type (XI) (not found in Aconitum species),?napelline-type (XII) and anopterine-type (XIII) (not found in Aconitum species); and bisditerpenoid alkaloids (XIV).
  2. The species in Aconitum subgen. Lycoctonum contain mainly the C18-diterpenoid alkaloids (lappaconine-type and ranaconine-type) and C19-diterpenoid alkaloids (lycoc- tonine-type). Roots of the plants in this subgenus show a relatively lower toxicity (LD50 to mice=1660–3340 mg/kg (i.v.)) and have been used for the treatment of rheumatism, pains and irregular menstruation etc. Because of the lower toxicity of the roots, the species in this subgenus are worthy a more detailed phytochemical investigation for the development of new medicines.
  3.  Aconitum subgen. Aconitum is the largest subgenus, with about 250 species which are usually divided into two sections, section Sinaconitum, a monotypic section including only A. polycarpum, and section Aconitum including the remaining species. The species in China in the latter section are usually divided into nine series. (1). Series Tangutica and series Rotundifolia are all dwarf alpine plants, generally less than 35 cm tall. Phytochemically, they contain mainly the lactone-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloids and sporadically C20-diterpenoid alkaloids. The lactone-type alkaloids have been found so far to occur exclusively within these two series, and thus can be considered as the characteristic chemical constituents of these two series. The roots in the plants of the two series show a relatively lower toxicity (LD50 to mice =ca. 2400 mg/kg (i.v.)). The whole plants of the species have been traditionally used in China’s Tibetan, Mongolian and Uygur regions for the treatment of high fever. (2). The species in series Bullatifolia contain mainly the denudatine-type and the napelline-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloids, and the aconitine-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloids. This series may occupy a somewhat intermediate position in Aconitum subgen. Aconitum from a chemotaxonomic view. In toxicity, the LD50 to mice range from 210–270 mg/kg (i.v.). The roots in this series have been used for the treatment of pains and rheumatism. (3). Series Brachypoda includes A. brachypodum, A. pendulum, A. polyschistum and several other morphologically very similar species. Their roots are recorded as “Xue-shang-yi-zhi-hao” in the Chinese Materia Medica and have been used as anti-rheumatic and analgesic remedies. Phytochemically, they contain mainly the aconitine-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloids, an evolutionarily advanced type. The LD50 to mice range from 130–280 mg/kg (i.v.). It is noteworthy that A. coreanum contains mainly the C20-diterpenoid alkaloids and has a much lower toxicity (LD50 = 2800 mg/kg (i.v.) to mice) than the other species in this series. From a chemotaxonomic view it seems reasonable to segregate A. coreanum and its closet ally, A. anthoroideum, from series Brachyloda to establish an independent series. (4). Series Stylosa, with plants generally of larger roots, are the major sources of “Da-wu-tou”. The species in the series contain mainly the aconitine-type diester C19-diterpenoid alkaloids, which are characterized by the presence of anisoyloxy residues at C-14.  The roots display a high toxicity with the LD50 to mice ranging from 24–102 mg/kg (i.v.). From a chemootaxonomic view, A. contortum, mainly with the presence of the hetidine-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloids and the dranaconine-type C18-diterpenoid alkaloids and yet the absence of anisoyloxy residues, seems to be a very special species in series Stylosa. Its systematic position needs to be reconsidered. (5) Series Ambigua, eight species of which have been investigated phytochemically, contains mainly the aconitine-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloids with anisoyloxy residues, indicating its close affinity to series Stylosa. (6). Series Volubilia, which is characterized by having twining stems, contains the aconitine-type diester C19-diterpenoid alkaloids with the presence of an anisoyl or a benzoyl group at C-14. Several species in this series, such as A. sczukinii and A. volubile, contain the highly advanced 15-hydroxyl aconitine-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloids, indicating its possible affinity to series Inflata. The LD50 to mice range from 84–283 mg/kg (i.v.). The roots of many species in this series have been used as folklore drugs for the treatment of trauma and rheumatic pains. In this series, A. hemsleyanum, a very polymorphic species in gross-morphology, exhibits also a great interpopulational phytochemical variation. (7). Series Inflata includes the two most widely medicinally used Aconitum species, A. carmichaeli and A. kusnezoffii. Both are now officially listed in the Chinese pharmacopoeia. They contain the aconitine-type 15-hydroxyl monoester or diester C19-diterpenoid alkaloids, highly advanced chemical constituents in the genus Aconitum. The LD50 to mice range from 66–137 mg/kg (i.v.). The cardiovascular, muscle-smoothing and central effects of the two species have been thoroughly studied. (8). Series Grandituberosa, which is morphologically characterized by having several chain-like arranged tubers, contains the highly advanced aconitine-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloids. The roots, with the LD50 to mice being 29 mg/kg (i.v.), have a high toxicity. (9). Series Racemulosa, with only A. racemulosum var. pengzhouense phytochemically already studied in detail and from it a novel skeleton of C20-diterpenoid alkaloids, i.e. racemulosine, being found, shows extraordinary chemical features. It contains mainly, however, the lycoctonine-type and the aconitine-type amino alcohol C19-diterpenoid and C20-diterpenoid alkaloids. The roots of A. racemulosum are known as “Xue-Wu” and have the actions of activating blood circulation and removing stasis. From a chemotaxonomic view, this series show some primitive features. (10). Series Brunnea is phytochemically not well known. This series contains both C20-diterpenoid alkaloids, e.g. denudatine and songorine, and the highly advanced aconitine-type alkaloids, indicating its intermediate position between the series Bullatifolia and the series Brachypoda.
4. The monotypic subgenus Gymnaconitum, with only A. gymnandrum, is of both primitive and advanced features phytochemically and gross-morphologically. The whole plant of this species is used as insecti
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Invasive Spartina alterniflora: biology, ecology and management
WANG Qing, AN Shu-Qing, MA Zhi-Jun, ZHAO Bin, CHEN Jia-Kuan, LI Bo
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.1360/aps06044
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Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Loisel., a perennial rhizomatous grass native to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America, spreads rapidly in estuaries and coastal salt marshes in the Pacific coast of North America, Europe, New Zealand and China, and has caused considerable effects on the invaded regions. We here describe a comprehensive account of its biology and ecology, and discuss the management of this invasive plant. S. alterniflora was intentionally introduced to China in 1979 for the purposes of erosion check, soil melioration and dike protection. However, its rapid elongation rates, high leaf area indices, high photosynthetic rates, long photosynthetic season and clonal growth make S. alterniflora an aggressive competitor with native salt marsh plants in the coastal regions in China. The estimates made for the year 2002 show that S. alterniflora covered 112000 hectares throughout the eastern China, from Guangxi (21? N) to Tianjin (39? N), and is still spreading rapidly in the east coast of China. The successful invasion of S. alterniflora in non-native ranges is obviously the result of the interactions between its great invading ability and a high invasibility of the invaded ecosystems, which is further facilitated by human activities. On the basis of its population trend and potential impact on native ecosystems, S. alterniflora was officially placed on the list of most harmful invasive alien plants (nine species) in China in 2003. S. alterniflora invasions in the salt marshes have multiple effects on the abiotic and biotic properties and the functioning of the invaded ecosystems, including conversion of mudflats to Spartina meadows, loss of shorebirds' foraging habitats, alteration of ecosystem processes (e.g. carbon and nitrogen cycling), decrease in abundance of native species, degradation of native ecosystems and their functions, and considerable economic loss. It is predicted that the environmental changes driven by human activities in the coastal regions (e.g. eutrophication, sea level rise and saltwater intrusion) may favour its further invasions in coastal ecosystems in the future. Like other invasive species, it is quite difficult, expensive and even impossible to eradicate S. alterniflora once it has successfully invaded the coastal ecosystems. Obviously, further intentional introductions of S. alterniflora should be banned in China, and effective control measures should be urgently taken, to minimize the negative impacts of S. alterniflora on native ecosystems in China.Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Ants pollinate Neottia listeroides (Orchidaceae) in Sichuan, China
Chun-Qiu WANG, Yi-Bo LUO, Yong-Dong TAI, De-Jun AN, Yong KOU
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08044
Abstract5818)   HTML47)    PDF(pc) (437KB)(3734)       Save
Ant-plant interaction is widespread, common and diverse in terrestrial ecosystems, but ants acting as pollinators are uncommon. Here we present a study conducted in Huanglong Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China, showing that ants of Formicidae, Leptothoras sp. and Paratrechina sp., are principle pollinators of Neottia listeroides (Orchidaceae). The two ant species accounted for dominant floral visitors and transferred most pollinia in the orchid, compared to the role of other insect visitors. The flowering period of N. listeroides in the studied population lasted about 40 days, and most flowers were open from 15th to 26th July. The flower has an open nectariferous furrow on the surface of the labellum which ran down the centre to the bifurcation of the labellum, and produced the minute amount of nectar. While an ant arrived at the base of the labellum following the nectariferous furrow, it could not touch the crest of the rostellum and withdraw the pollinia until it raised its head upwards. Pollinia were often attached to the top of the ant head by the viscid fluid exuded from the touched crest of the rostellum. After being touched the rostellum bent down instantly and blocked the stigma, and then slowly recovered to its original position. The backward movement of the rostellum lasted 17–24 h (21.4±2.1 h, n=42). The temporary inaccessi-bility of the stigma decreased self-pollination resulting from revisiting of ants. Breeding system experiments showed that this orchid is self-compatible but not autogamous, and that pollination success was dependent on pollinators. The fruit set was 19.77% under natural conditions, indicating that the efficiency of this ant-pollination system is low relative to the high frequency of visitation of ants. The low pollination success of N. listeroides was considered as a result of poor match in morphology between flowers and ants. Moreover, the interaction between N. listeroides and these two ants in Huanglong Valley was suggested as a casual case in a specific period.
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A New Morphological Interpretation of the Female Reproductive Organs in Ginkgo biloba L., with a Phylogenetic Consideration on Gymnosperms
Fu De-zhi, Yang Qin-er
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica   
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The ovuliferous structure of Ginkgo biloba L. has been variously inter- preted morphologically. As a result the systematic position and the relationship with other gymnosperms of this ancestral gymnosperm have long been under dis- pute. In the present paper, a brief survey of the main views as to the nature of the ovuliferous structure is givcn. Based on morphological and teratological data previously reported, a new interpretation is proposed. The essential points are summarized as follows: 1.  In morphological essence, a fertile dwarf shoot with some ovuliferous struc- tures in Ginkgo biloba L. might as a whole be nothing but a megasporophyll strobilus (female cone), which is shared actually by all the conifers in the gymnosperms. The fertile dwarf shoot has appearance extremely similar to that of the vegetative dwarf shoot, suggesting that in Ginkgo biloba L. the vegetative or- gans and the reproductive organs have not been yet well differentiated, and thus its megasporophyll strobilus might represent one of the most primitive compound strobilus types. 2.  In Ginkgo biloba, the ovuliferous structure borne in the axil of a scale leaf (sometimes a normal leaf) on the dwarf shoot, together with the scale leaf it- self, might be the homogenous organ corresponding to the bract-scale and seed-scale complex of the compound female strobilus of the typical conifers. The complex is a relatively isolated reproductive unit on the strobilus. The normal leaves and the scale leaves on the dwarf shoot might be equivalent to the bract-scales in the typical cones, though the normal leaves still retain the vegetative nature as the foliage leaves on the vegetative shoot. The stalk hearing ovules at its top might be equivalent to a seed-scale of the typical cones. 3.  The megasporophyll strobilus in Ginkgo biloba, namely a whole fertile dwarf shoot as mentioned above, seems to show much more primitive characteristics than those of typical conifers. In this plant it is very difficult to distinguish the fer- tile dwarf shoot from the common vegetative dwarf shoot before reproduction time. Moreover, its megasporophyll strobilus often exhibits more atavistic abnor- malities than those of other conifers. All the evidence indicates that the primitive ancestor of conifers might have had the fertile organs which might be of basically identical morphology as vegetative shoots, except that in the fertile organs there might exist numerous fertile leaves bearing one or many ovules. 4.  The longer stalk of the ovuliferous structure in Ginkgo biloba might have come from mainly a secondary elongation growth of the seed scale, and only a lit- tle part of it might be the remains of the original shoot. The fork structure bear- ing ovules at the top of the stalk might be the rudementary part of the petioles of the only two extremely reduced megasporophylls. The collar around the base of the ovule might be a secondary protective structure. 5.  A correct morphological interpretation of the female strobilus in Ginkgo biloba is doubtless of important significance for our better understanding of the evolution of the female reproductive organs in conifers. According to our interpretation men- tioned above, together with the concept of the bractscale and seed-scale complex proposed in the present paper, which is mainly based on the concept of the seed-scale complex propose by Florin, here we put forward an evolutionary theory of the bract-scale and seed-scale complex. According to this theory, the female reprodu- ctive organs of the ancestral conifers should be very similar, as mentioned above, to the sterile foliage shoot except that the former might have some fertile leaves which could produce ovules at reproduction time. This ancestral female reproductive or- gan type might have had evolved towards two directions and thus formed two main evolutionary lines. One is represented by the genus Cycas and we may call it the Cycas Evolutionary Line (C-line), in which the megasporophyll strobilus is monopodial, with the fertile leaves and sterile bracts occurring directly on the main axis. The Cycadaceae is the only living gymnosperm member along this evo- lutionary line. The second line is represented by all the conifers including Ginkgo, which all have the structure of the bract-scale and seed-scale complex, and thus we called it the "Bract-scale and Seed-scale Complex Evolutionary Line" (BS-line). The members along this line have multipodial female strobilus, i.e. compound strobilus. On the main axis occur some sterile vegetative bracts. In the axils of some or most of the bracts occur the seed-scales. The seed-scales are actually the re- mains of the extremely, or smetimes completely reduced fertile shoots. Each part of the bractt-scale and seed-scale complex and the main axis of the strobilus could have undergone independent or correlated changes, and thus have had formed vari- ous types of strobilus which are found in the living conifers. 6.  Our theory on the evolution of the bract-scale and seed-scale complex seems to support the division of all the gymnosperms into two major groups as pro- posed by Chamberlain, and is also in favour of the placement of Ginkgo biloba into the conifers as the most primitive member along BS-line. 7.  Based on their similar morphological characters, it can be considered that Ginkgo biloba might have close relationships with the Nageiaceae, Ephedraceae, Welwitschiaceae and Araucariaceae. All these groups have multinerved leaves with- out costa. These living gymnosperms might have a more direct relationship withthe ancestral cordaites.Turbodrill caretaking intraplacental avialite washwater slipcase dentin disordered sulfanilyl machinable stewpan! 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Floral morph distribution in China and autogamy of an invasive species: Oxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae)
Shi-Xiao LUO, Shi-Jin LI, Dian-Xiang ZHANG
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08076
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The floral morphs of an invasive herb, Oxalis corniculata, were surveyed based on the examination of herbarium specimens deposited in IBSC, and field observation on living individuals in 24 natural populations in China. The floral phenology, pollen-ovule ratio (P/O) and floral visitors of O. corniculata were investigated and determined. Assisted pollination experiments were carried out to examine the breeding system of O. corniculata. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fluorescence microscope (FM) were employed to examine pollen germination and the growth of pollen tubes. The species is composed of three floral morphs in China, viz., the long-styled morph, the semi-homostyled morph, and the quasi-homostyled morph. The semi-homostyled morph is common in disturbed urban and ruderal habitats, whereas only one long-styled population was found in less disturbed habitats of Pinus forests in Anning County, Yunnan Province, although two specimens (in IBSC) of long-styled individuals collected from a same locality in Guangdong Province were also recorded. The flowering period of O. corniculata was from February to November, with a peak at March to September; the longevity of a single flower was two days, and the petals closed at the first night and reopen in the next morning. Pollen grains were found on self-stigmata, and the pollen grains were germinating on the stigmata before the flower opening. The P/O was 83.3±33.08. Nectar secretion was observed but the volume was not large enough to be measured. A small butterfly (Pseudozizeeria sp.) was observed to visit the flowers of semi-homostyled plants, but its effective-ness as a pollinator was extremely low. Fruit set of untreated bagged flowers (88.12±3.38) was not significantly different from that of open flowers (88.03±2.48). Fluorescence microscopic (FM) observations proved that pollen germinated on self-stigmata and pollen tubes grown in self-styles. Measurements of floral traits and results of manipulated pollination treatments indicated that the breeding system of semi-homostyled plants of the species is typical autogamy.
Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Advances in the studies of lycophytes and monilophytes with reference to systematic arrangement of families distributed in China
Hong-Mei LIU, Li WANG, Xian-Chun ZHANG, Hui ZENG
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08058
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Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed that the traditional concept of pteridophytes which includes lycophytes and ferns should be revised and a new classification of the extant monilophytes has just been published by Smith et al. China is very rich in plant diversity, with representatives of most important major groups of the lycophytes and monilophytes. Here we present the recent progress in phylogenetic analyses of lycophytes and monilophytes with a focus on relationships among the Chinese taxa. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis using sequence data of the chloroplast gene rbcL of 184 species (179 genera) representing 62 of a total of 63 families recognized by R. C. Ching. The relationships of all major lineages recovered in the rbcL phylogeny generally agree with those reconstructed in the studies that focused on these clades individually and had more extensive ingroup taxon sampling and/or character sampling. A tentative systematic arrangement focused on the Chinese lycophytes and monilophytes at the family level is presented.
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A karyomorphological study of 40 species in 11 genera of the Magnoliaceae from China
MENG Ai-Ping, WANG Heng-Chang, LI Jian-Qiang, SIMA Yong-Kang
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.1360/aps040092
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In this paper, 40 species in 11 genera of the Magnoliaceae from China were karyomorphologically investigated for a better understanding of the intergeneric relationships in the family and the systematic positions of some species, particularly those in the genus Manglietia. The 20 Manglietia species studied are all diploid with 2n=38, indicating that in this genus the speciation may have taken place predominantly at the diploid level and that minor structural changes of chromosomes may have resulted in distinct morphological divergence. In the genus Magnolia, cytotypes with various ploidy levels from 2x to 6x have been found, which may be, at least to some degree, associated with the wide distributional range and complex gross-morphological variation of the genus. Our results indicate that Manglietia should be an independent genus from Magnolia and do not support the treatment of merging them as a genus. All the Michelia species already with chromosome numbers are diploid with 2n=38, while most of the species in Magnolia subgen. Yulania are polyploid, suggesting that Michelia is not closely allied with Yulania and that the two groups should not be merged as a genus. All Parakmeria members are polyploid. It is noteworthy that cytological evidence is generally less informative in clarifying the intergeneric relationships of the Magnoliaceae than the interspecific relationships within a given genus of the family because reticulate evolution may have extensively occurred in this family. Systematic positions of some species in Manglietia are discussed based on evidence from cytology, morphology and geographical distribution. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Caobangia A. R. Smith & X. C. Zhang (Polypodiaceae), a newly recorded fern genus from China
Wei-Bin XU, Yong-Yan LIANG, Xian-Chun ZHANG, Yan LIU
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.0715
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Caobangia A. R. Smith & X. C. Zhang, originally described from northern Vietnam, was recently collected from southwestern Guangxi, China. The genus is similar to Lepidogrammitis, Lepisorus and Lem-maphyllum, but differs by having long-creeping filiform rhizomes with clathrate rhizome scales, monomorphic to subdimorphic simple blades with dense acicular scales. Caobangia is a monotypic genus, with only one species, namely C. squamata A. R. Smith & X. C. Zhang, which at present is only found in Caobang Province of northern Vietnam and southwestern Guangxi of China. According to the original literature and specimens from Guangxi, the characteristics of this monotypic genus are described, and habitat photos of C. squamata are also provided.
Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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The utility of matK gene in the phylogenetic analysis of the genus Magnolia
WANG Ya-Ling, LI Yong, ZHANG Shou-Zhou, YU Xing-Sheng
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.1360/aps040013
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A phylogenetic analysis of the Magnoliaceae was performed based on sequence data of the chloroplast matK gene in 57 species representing 11 genera. The results show that (1) the genus Magnolia might be a polyphyletic group; (2) Magnolia subgenus Yulania should be elevated to the generic rank; (3) the section Splendentes in Magnolia subgenus Magnolia had a very close relationship with the two American species in the section Rytidospermum, M. macrophylla and M. dealbata, and the section Gwillimia was close to the section Theorhodon; (4) the generic status of the genus Talauma was highly supported when its Asian section Blumiana was shifted to Magnolia; and (5) the genus Parakmeria formed a clade with the two genera Kmeria and Manglietiastrum; and they all had a close relationship with Magnolia subgenus Yulania and the genus Michelia. The position of flower buds, a major feature which had been previously employed to differentiate Michelieae and Magnolieae, turned out to be an unreliable character obscuring the distinction between the two tribes. The traditional circumscription of these two tribes should be emended. Magnolia and Michelia would become two well-defined genera when the subgenus Yulania was segregated from Magnolia to be treated as an independent genus.Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Further research on taxonomic significance of flavonoids in Epimedium (Berberidaceae)
Bao-Lin GUO, Li-Kuan PEI, Pei-Gen XIAO
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.06172
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In this paper, 129 leaf samples from 35 species and one variety of the Chinese Epimedium (Berberi-daceae), most of which were placed under subgen. Epimedium and sect. Diphyllon, were analyzed by HPLC method. The HPLC chromatogram profiles of all the samples for icariin and similar compounds were achieved, sorted and analyzed. According to the second peak group (named as “ABCI” peak group) characters, chroma-tograms were divided into four main types and nine subtypes. By correlation analysis with flower morphology, II-3 was suggested to be the most primitive type; II-1, IV and I-3 were primitive and closely related to II-3; I-1 was basic type; I-2, I-4, III and II-2 were derived types. The HPLC chromatogram type division corresponds to W. T. Stearn’s classification on sect. Diphyllon with four series in 2002.
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Interspecific relationships of Caragana microphylla, C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii (Leguminosae) based on ITS and trnL-F data sets
HOU Xin, LIU Jun-E, ZHAO Yi-Zhi, ZHAO Li-Qing
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.1360/aps040077
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The taxonomic treatment of Caragana davazamcii Sancz. has been a controversial matter, as its relationship with C. microphylla Lam. and C. korshinskii Kom. is not clear. It was treated as an independent species, or a variety under C. microphylla or C. korshinskii. This study is to examine the interspecific relationship of these three species and the origin of C. davazamcii based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and non-coding region of chloroplast trnL-F, combined with morphological data and geographical distribution. The trnL-F sequence of C. davazamcii is identical to that of C. microphylla but differs distinctly from that of C. korshinskii. The high congruence of ITS copies through both direct and cloning sequencing rejects the recent hybridization hypothesis of C. davazamcii between C. microphylla and C. korshinskii. In contrast, two different ITS sequence copies were found respectively in each individual of C. microphylla and C. korshinskii. One of the two ITS sequences in C. microphylla is identical to that of C. davazamcii. This result indicates that C. davazamcii might have taken part in the hybridization of C. microphylla as one parent , or that extensive gene flow might have occurred between these two species, thus resulting in the morphological similarity of them. However, the similarity of some morphological characters of C. davazamcii to those of C. korshinskii might result from the convergent adaptation to their common ecological environment.Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Pollen morphology of Heliotropioideae in Boraginaceae from China and its systematic significance
Jia-Xi LIU, Yi-Zhen XI, Yu-Long ZHANG, Jian-Chang NING, Xiao-Rui LIU
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.07171
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In order to study the taxonomy of Boraginaceae further, pollen morphology of six species in Heliotro-pium, two species in Messerschmidia, and one species in Tournefortia from the subfamily Heliotropioideae was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains are prolate. They are elliptic from the equato-rial view, and 6-lobate circular, 8-lobate circular or rarely triangular from the polar view. There are three aperture types in the subfamily Heliotropioideae, namely: (1) 3-colporate alternated with 3-pseudocolpate type, (2) 4-colporate alternated with 4-pseudocolpate type, and (3) 3-colporate type. The exine surface is faintly perforated, rugous decorative, or rarely psilate. The results showed that the three genera in the subfamily Heliotropioideae of Boraginaceae are closely related. Based on pollen features, the genus Tournefortia might be basal in Helio-tropioideae of Boraginaceae. Heliotropium seems to represent a more derived lineage than both Tournefortia and Messerschmidia, and the genus Messerschmidia lies between Heliotropium and Tournefortia. Pollen morphologi-cal features suggested that the subfamily Heliotropioideae is a transitional type from Ehretioideae to Boragi-noideae. Pollen grains in the genus Tournefortia of the Heliotropioideae are of 3-colporate aperture, implying a possible close relationship between Heliotropioideae and Cordioideae.
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Reproductive allocation in a dioecious perennial Oxyria sinensis (Polygonaceae) along altitudinal gradients
Fang ZHAO, Yong-Ping YANG
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08041
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The reproductive allocation (RA, the ratio of flower biomass to total aboveground biomass) of Oxyria sinensis Hemsl., a clonal dioecious perennial, was compared among five populations along an altitudinal gradient from 1978 m to 2780 m. The goal of this study is to answer the following questions: (1) What is the variation in the reproductive allocation of O. sinensis? (2) Does variation in reproductive allocation correspond to an altitud-inal gradient? (3) Is the reproductive allocation of male and female O. sinensis correlated to environmental fac-tors? We found that reproductive allocation to ramets decreased with increasing vegetative biomass in both male and female plants. Increasing altitude corresponds to a decrease in height of ramets, total aboveground biomass, and biomass of vegetative organs in both male and female plants. The total aboveground biomass of male ramets was significantly higher than female ramets in the populations at the altitudes of 2422 m and 2780 m. The biomass of flowers and reproductive allocation of male ramets were significantly higher than of female ramets at all popu-lations except at the lowest altitude population, which indicated male ramets allocate more biomass to reproduc-tion than female ramets. Our results do not support the idea of an invariable minimum vegetative biomass for reproduction, probably because resource can be shared among ramets within one ramet system of a clonal species, and the pattern of RA in O. sinensis might be an adaptation to the unpredictable rain and decreased pollinator visitation in the higher altitudinal populations.
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The higher-level phylogeny of monocots based on matK, rbcL and 18S rDNA sequences
LI Xiao-Xian, ZHOU Zhe-Kun
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.1360/aps06148
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Two chloroplast (matK and rbcL), and one nuclear (18S) genes from 86 families, 126 genera, and 151 species of angiosperms (including 58 families, 86 genera, and 101 species of monocots), representing all major lineages of monocots and the basal angiosperms, were analyzed using parsimony methods. The eumagnoliids composed of Magnoliales, Laurales, Canellales, and Piperales appear as sister to the whole monocots. The monophyly of monocots receives 98% bootstrap support in the combined analyses of three genes. The monophylies of nine clades of monocots (Alismatales s.l., Dioscoreales, Pandanales, Asparagales, Liliales, Arecales, Poales, Zingiberales, and Commelinales) and six clades of other angiosperms (Nymphaeales, eudicots, Magnoliales, Laurales, Piperales, and Canellales) were supported in the strict consensus tree of combined analyses. The results showed that the genus Acorus is the basalmost clade among extant monocots, followed by Alismatales s.l. (including Araceae and Tofieldiaceae). Petrosaviaceae are placed as a sister group of the clade comprising the Dioscoreales-Pandanales clade, Asparagales, Liliales and commelinoids. The sister-group relationships are strongly supported between Petrosaviaceae and the remaining monocots (except for Acoraceae and Alismatales s.l.), between Dioscoreales and Pandanales, and between Commelinales and Zingiberales in the combined analyses of two genes and three genes. However, the phylogenetic relationships among Asparagales, Liliales and commelinoids are still uncertain in current analyses. In commelinoids, the relationships of Arecales and Poales still need more research in future. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the sister relationship between Petrosaviaceae and the remaining monocots (except for Acoraceae and Alismatales s.l.) and the monophylies of Dioscoreales and Asparagales were strongly supported with bootstrap values more than 90%, which generally received bootstrap values less than 50% in the previous studies. Considering the special position of Acoraceae and Petrosaviaceae, we support the taxonomical treatment of Acoraceae and Petrosaviaceae in their own order Acorales and Petrosaviales.Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Notes on some taxa of Cymbidium sect. Eburnea
LIU Zhong-Jian, CHEN Sing-Chi, RU Zheng-Zhong
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.1360/aps050082
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A new species and a new variety of Orchidaceae, Cymbidium concinnum Z. J. Liu & S. C. Chen and C. eburneum var. longzhouense Z. J. Liu & S. C. Chen, are described and illustrated. Cymbidium concinnum is related to C. mastersii Griff. ex Lindl., from which it differs by having unlobed-tipped leaves, an 18- to 22-flowered inflorescence and a V-shaped, purple-red patch on the mid-lobe of the lip; C. eburneum var. longzhouense differs from typical variety mainly by having rather dense purple-red mottles on the mid-lobe and the apical parts of the side-lobes of the lip. Cymbidium maguanense is discussed taxonomically, for which a neotype is chosen here. A key is provided to six Chinese taxa of Cymbidium sect. Eburnea.Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Cluster analysis of Chinese Hedychium based on SRAP markers
Li-Xia GAO, Xiu HU, Nian LIU, Bang-Hai HUANG, Zheng-Jun LI, Yan LI
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08012
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The traditional taxonomy of Hedychium was based on the bracts arrangement, imbricate or tubular, and this genus was divided into two subgenera. However, that was queried in recent years. The phylogenetic relationship of a total of 22 samples representing 19 species and 1 variety of Hedychium was investigated using SRAP technique. SRAP analysis produced 152 bands by using the 28 most informative primer pairs, 135 (88.8%) of which were polymorphic. Clustering analysis indicated that: (1) Hedychium from China can be divided into three groups. Plants in group I are short and distributed in limestone. Plants in group II are tall and seldom distrib-uted in limestone. Plants in group III are with only one flower per bract, while plants in other two groups are with two or more flowers per bract. This result supports Wood’s subdivision based on internal transcribed spacer sequence. (2) Wu’s treatment by reducing H. emeiense Z. Y. Zhu to be a synonym of H. flavescens is supported. (3) H. flavum Roxb. and H. panzhuum Z. Y. Zhu are shown to be the same species, and H. panzhuum is reduced to be a synonym of H. flavum (4) The edaphic conditions are believed to be very important for the adaptation and evolution of Hedychium. In this paper, it is suggested that Hedychium be divided into two groups according to the number of flowers per bract.
Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Revision of two species of Araucaria (Araucariaceae) in Chinese taxonomic literature
Hai-Sang LIU, Ci-Quan LIU
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.07144
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Based on the lectotypes of Araucaria cunninghamii and A. heterophylla, the status of those species as cited in Chinese taxonomic literature, such as Flora of Guangzhou, Dendrology of China, Iconographia Cormo-phytorum Sinicorum, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, Sylva Sinica, Flora of China and Higher Plants of China, was reviewed. Araucaria heterophylla has linear, acute juvenile leaves held at an angle of less than 45° to the branchlet and without an obvious adaxial keel and scale-like adult leaves on terminal branchlets; A. cunning-hamii has bilaterally compressed, subulate, shortly pungent juvenile leaves held at an angle of 45°–90° and with an obvious keel on both surfaces and tetragonous, subulate adult leaves on terminal branchlets. The names A. cunninghamii and A. heterophylla have been misapplied in Chinese taxonomic literature and should be A. hetero-phylla (Salisb.) Franco and A.
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Pollen morphology of six species in Thunbergia, of one species each in Staurogyne and Acanthus (Acanthaceae) from China
TSUI Hong-Pin, HU Chia-Chi
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica   
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Pollen grains of six species in Thunbergia (subfamily Thunbergioideae), and of one species each in Staurogyne (subfamily Nelsonioideae) and Acanthus (subfamily Acanthoideae) in the Acanthaceae from China were examined under SEM. Pollen grains in Thunbergia are spheroidal, with the apertures being spiral and the exine ornamentation being psilate, granulate or rarely baculate. This pollen type is very special in this family and has been considered to represent a primitive condition. Pollen grains in Staurogyne are spheroidal, 3-colporate, with the exine ornamentation being psilate. Pollen grains in Acanthus are prolate, 3-colpate, with the exine ornamentation being finely reticulate or microperforate. Pollen morphological characteristics support the traditional placement of these three genera into three different subfamilies in the Acanthaceae.Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Phylogeny of Metagentiana and related genera (Gentianaceae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences
CHEN Sheng-Yun, CHEN Shi-Long, XIA Tao, WANG Yu-Jin
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.1360/aps040136
Abstract4733)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (141KB)(1689)       Save
The infrageneric phylogeny of Metagentiana, a newly erected genus in the Gentianaceae, was constructed based on the analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA of 10 representative species of this genus and 22 species of Gentiana, Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia. The analysis indicates that the genus Metagentiana is polyphyletic, because all sampled species of Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia are clearly embedded within Metagentiana. The species of Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia also did not cluster respectively as two monophyletic clades. These results do not merit status of three separate genera. However, these three genera clustered together as a monophyletic clade sister to Gentiana, which is in agreement with the previous conclusions on the separation of Metagentiana from Gentiana and its closer relationship to Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia based on studies of gross morphology, floral anatomy, chromosomes, palynology and embryology. The ITS sequences do not provide sufficient information to make a robust estimation of the phylogenetic relationships among dysploid cytotypes of x=17, 21 and 23, within the Metagentiana, Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia complex, but the preliminary results seem to indicate their reticulate and paralleling evolution.Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Advances in the study of breeding system and pollination biology of gingers (Zingiberaceae and Costaceae)
GAO Jiang-Yun, REN Pan-Yu, LI Qing-Jun
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.1360/aps040074
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In this paper we presented a review of the advances in the studies of breeding system and pollination biology of gingers. The Zingiberaceae is a large family of animal-pollinated pantropical monocotyledons with more than 1500 species in ca. 50 genera. There are many kinds of sexual variations occurring in the ginger family, such as gynodioecy, andromonoecy, flexistyly, protandry and self-incompatibility. Major pollinators include bees, hawkmoth, butterfly and birds, and different pollinators correspond with different morphological characteristics of flowers. Among the relatively few studies on the pollination biology, members of this family display some unique pollination mechanisms and breeding systems. Flexistyly, found in the genera of Amomum and Alpinia, is regarded as a unique behaviour mechanism that encourages outcrossing; a new self-pollination mechanism has been discovered in Caulokaempferia coenobialis, in which a film of pollen is transported from the anther by an oily emulsion that slides sideways along the flower’s style and into the individual’s own stigma. These studies and discoveries give us a better understanding on the diversity of pollination and breeding systems of gingers. For future research, we suggested that more studies should be carried out on the pollination and breeding systems of gingers in a wider range, and phylogenetic research should be conducted to understand the evolution of pollination and breeding system in Zingiberaceae, and for the flexistyly, more detailed studies should be done about this
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A taxonomic revision of Lepisorus sect. Hymenophyton (Polypodiaceae) from China
Quan-Ru LIU, Guan-Hua MING, Yuan GE, Xian-Chun ZHANG
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08036
Abstract4669)   HTML27)    PDF(pc) (786KB)(2373)       Save
A taxonomic revision of the genus Lepisorus sect. Hymenophyton Ching ex S. L. Yu & Y. X. Lin from China was made. Rhizome scales and paraphyses were found to be important characters for sectional de-limitation and species identification. Sixteen species recorded in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae are reduced into five species, namely L. albertii, L. thaipaiensis, L. likiangensis, L. crassipes, and L. clathratus. SPSS statisti-cal analysis of the rhizome scales also indicated that the 16 species could be grouped into five distinct groups.

Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis): An invasive alien weed rapidly spreading in China
DONG Mei, LU Jian-Zhong, ZHANG Wen-Ju, CHEN Jia-Kuan, LI Bo
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.1360/aps050068
Abstract4643)   HTML10)    PDF(pc) (271KB)(2101)       Save
Invasive species pose a serious threat to native ecosystems and their biodiversity, and cause considerable economic loss to the regions they invade. In the case of Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) (Compositae), a long-lived perennial plant native to North America, it was initially introduced as an ornamental plant to Shanghai in 1935, it then escaped into the wild and it is now spreading rapidly in China, especially in eastern China. We here describe briefly this species in relation to invasion biology. S. canadensis is actually a Canada-goldenrod complex that consists of at least six subspecies and varieties. S. canadensis has great reproductive capacity (through both seed production and clonal growth) and high genetic variation, both of which contribute to its great invasiveness. S. canadensis may outcompete or allelopathically exclude native plant species, resulting in monospecific stands with concomitant loss of plant and insect diversity, and ultimately alteration in ecosystem functioning. Lack of natural enemies in the invaded ecosystems makes this species highly invasive. Abiotic factors such as niche opportunities created by habitat disturbance and human activities, and nitrogen deposition, can promote S. canadensis’ establishment and spread through seed dispersal and vegetative structures. In addition, the species’ capacity for early season emergence and growth, rapid clonal growth, wide physiological tolerance, and high architectural plasticity make the species highly aggressive under a wide range of ecological conditions. Although commonly used control methods of weeds may also be suitable for S. canadensis, minimising its seed production seems to be critical to its effective control, which requires that all the control measures be taken during its vegetative growth.

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Chromosome numbers of some Populus taxa from China
ZHANG Shou-Gong, CHEN Cheng-Bin, HAN Su-Ying, LI Xiu-Lan, REN Jian-Zhong, ZHOU Yu-Quan, SONG Wen-Qin, CHEN Rui-Yang, QI Li-Wang
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.1360/aps040008
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Chromosome numbers and ploidy levels of 14 Chinese Populus species (Populus alba L., P. hopeiensis Hu & Chow, P. tomentosa Carr., P. tremula L., P. simonii Carr., P. maximowiczii Henry, P. ussuriensis Kom., P. cathayana Rehd., P. pseudo-simonii Kitag., P. koreana Rehd., P. trichocarpa Torr. & Grog., P. lasiocarpa Oliv., P. nigra L., P. euphratica Oliv.), three varieties (P. alba L. var. pyramidalis Bge., P. nigra L. var. thevestina Bean., P. nigra L. var. italica (moench.) Koehne) and three hybrid species (P. ×xiaozhuanica W. Y. Hsu & Liang, P. ×beijingensis W. Y. Hsu, P. ×canadensis Moench, P. ×canadensis Moench cv. “serotina”, P. ×canadensis Moench cv. “Sacrau 79”, P. ×canadensis Moench cv. “I-214”) are reported. These taxa represent five sections of the genus. P. tomentosa of section Populus and P. ×canadensis Moench cv. “Sacrau 79”, P. × canadensis Moench cv. “I-214” of section Aigeiros were triploid (2n=2x=38), while the remaining taxa were diploid (2n=2x=38). Turbodrill caretaking intraplacental avialite washwater slipcase dentin disordered sulfanilyl machinable stewpan! Netherward pressbodies horror abscissa, keratosis frieze. Bgy unwrapped.
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Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica   
Abstract4554)   HTML0)    PDF(pc) (3893KB)(449)       Save

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Meiotic abnormalities of the fifth pair of chromosomes in Paeonia decomposita and P. intermedia
Shi-Quan WANG, Da-Ming ZHANG
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.06083
Abstract4549)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (1519KB)(1344)       Save
This study revealed that there were common meiotic abnormalities on the fifth pair of chromosomes in Paeonia decomposita and P. intermedia. Short arms had a tremendous deviation between genetic distance and physical distance, when compared with the long arms. The genetic distance of the short arm was about a twenty-eighth (P. intermedia) and fiftieth (P. decomposita) of the long arm, whereas the physical distance was about one third of the long arm and the physical distance was over nine times longer than the genetic distance. In P. decomposita, the ratio between ring bivalents (both arms formed chiasma) and rod bivalents (only one arm formed chiasma) was 1.94 : 98.06, whereas in P. intermedia the ratio was 3.42 : 96.58. In both of the species, rod bivalents were much more than ring bivalents. Occurrence frequency of anaphase I bridges was low in P. decom-posita and P. intermedia, and the length of fragments varied in a range.

Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Taxonomic revision of Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) from Sichuan, China
LUO Yan, YANG Qin-Er
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica   
Abstract4517)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (2093KB)(1521)       Save
Taxonomy of the genus Aconitum L. from Sichuan, SW China, was revised. Based on literature survey, extensive field and herbarium observations, morphological variations shown within and between populations in the genus from Sichuan were studied. The taxonomic significance of the major gross morphological characters was evaluated. The degree of leaf division, the shape of upper sepal and pedicel pubescence are found to be the most reliable diagnostic characters for the circumscription of species, although sometimes even these characters are variable within and between populations of the same species and change greatly with environmental conditions. The petal and seed morphology can provide characters useful for infrageneric division. Forty-six species and 11 varieties of Aconitum are recognized from Sichuan. Two species (A. potaninii Kom. and A. limprichtii Hand.-Mazz.) and one variety (A. handelianum var. laxipilosum Hand.-Mazz.) are numerated as dubious taxa because of the unavailability of their type specimens for examination. Twenty-nine species and 22 varieties are reduced to synonymies. Two new combinations, A. legendrei var. albovillosum (Chen & Liu) Y. Luo & Q. E. Yang and A. liljestrandii var. fangianum (W. T. Wang) Y. Luo & Q. E. Yang, are proposed. Two species, A. delavayi Franch. and A. nagarum Stapf, are newly recorded from Sichuan. Three species, A. tatsienense Finet & Gagnep., A. henryi Pritz. and A. refractum (Finet & Gagnep.) Hand.-Mazz. are lectotypified. The identity of A. tongolense Ulbr. and A. refractum was clarified. Description, distribution and a key to the subgenera, series and species are given.
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Leaf morphology of 29 Chinese and one Thailand species of the Selaginellaceae and its taxonomic significance
SUN Zhi-Ying, ZHANG Xian-Chun, CUI Shao-Mei, ZHOU Feng-Qin
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.1360/aps040110
Abstract4514)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (365KB)(1699)       Save
Leaf morphology of 29 Chinese species and one Thailand species of the Selaginellaceae was observed under light microscope and stereoscope. Species examined are rather consistent in leaf morphology. (1) Leaves are usually dimorphic, monomorphic only in few species, not petiolate, with the lateral leaves of the dimorphic leaf species larger than the median leaves, spreading outward or ascending, and the median leaves more or less adpressed on the adaxial side of stem, decussate or imbricate, and arranged in four ranks, while the leaves in the monomorphic leaf species spirally arranged. (2) The cells of the upper epidermis of the lateral and the median leaves are similar to each other, sub-isodiametric, tetragonal or oblong, and the anticlinal walls are straight, arched, sinuate or sinuolate; the cells of the lower epidermis of the lateral and the median leaves are also similar to each other, oblong or elongate, and the anticlinal walls are sinuolate. (3) The stomatal apparatuses, which are of anomocytic or actinoid types, are mainly distributed on the midvein region of upper epidermis of the median leaves and lower epidermis of the lateral leaves. The characters of the leaf macromorphology and of the micromorphology of the epidermal cells as well as the distribution patterns of stomata prove to be important for species delimitations in the Selaginellaceae. The studied species can be differentiated according to the following characters: (1) the shape of leaves (dimorphic vs. monomorphic); (2) the leaf arrangement (spiral vs. alternate); (3) the shape of the anticlinal walls (straight, arched, sinuate or sinuolate); (4) the shape of the cells of upper and lower epidermis (homomorphic vs. heteromorphic); (5) the type of the stomatal apparatus (anomocytic vs. actinoid); and (6) the difference in distribution of stomata on the upper and lower epidermis of the lateral and the median leaves.Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. Olfactorium invertibility.
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Adaptive significances of sexual system in andromonoecious Capparis spinosa (Capparaceae)
Tao ZHANG, Dun-Yan TAN
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica    DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08002
Abstract4511)   HTML32)    PDF(pc) (1192KB)(2343)       Save
The sexual system of the perennial shrub Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae), which is distributed in arid deserts of northern Xinjiang, was investigated. The main results can be summarized as follows. (1) The species is andromonoecious, i.e. individuals possess both male and perfect flowers. Stamens of two floral morphs are normal and can be divided into long and short ones in each flower. The perfect flowers have well developed pistils, but male flowers have aborted pistils and only function as males. (2) There were very significant differ-ences among the populations in daily ratio of the two floral morphs, number of long and short stamens of perfect flowers and length of filaments and anthers of short stamens in male flowers (P<0.01), but no significant differ-ences occurred in biomass of floral organ (P>0.05). (3) Anthesis was nocturnal and lasted 15–16 h. Both male and perfect flowers opened about 18:00 at dusk. The number of two floral morphs produced on each individual was indeterminate every day during flowering, which would make the individual temporally androdioecious. However, the total number of male flowers was more than that of perfect flowers within the population every day. (4) The P/O ratios of perfect flowers in three populations were 1.57×104, 1.65×104 and 1.71×104. There was no significant difference in pollen numbers (P>0.05) within population between male and perfect flowers or between long and short stamens, and also no significant difference among the populations in pollen numbers of male and perfect flowers, and in ovule numbers and P/O ratios of perfect flowers (P>0.05). (5) Dynamic curves of pollen viability of long and short stamens in the two floral morphs were similar in three populations. Pollen longevity of both long and short stamens was about 18–20 h, and duration of stigmatic receptivity was about 16–18 h. (6) Floral visitors were hymenopterous and lepidopterous insects. There was a total of seven species of floral visitors in the three populations. The activities of them were greatly affected by the climate of the desert environment. (7) Perfect flowers were not apomictic and could produce fruits after self-pollination (autogamy and geitonogamy) and cross-pollination; thus they had a mixed mating system. These results suggest that the sexual system of andro-monoecy may reflect an environment-heredity interaction in C. spinosa. The male flowers increase the number of pollen grains, the P/O ratio and enhance male fitness of individuals. They also increase the floral display and consequently effect cross pollination by attracting more pollinators that bring cross-pollen to the stigmas of per-fect flowers, thus increase outcrossing rate and female fitness of individuals, which insure reproductive success of C. spinosa in the extreme desert environment.

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Emendation of Sorosaccus gracilis Harris 1935, a gymnospermous pollen cone
LIU Xiu-Qun, Francis M. HUEBER, LI Cheng-Sen, WANG Yu-Fei
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica   
Abstract4505)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (289KB)(1173)       Save
Study of gymnospermous pollen cones, identified with Sorosaccus gracilis Harris 1935, from the Yangcaogou Formation, Late Triassic of China, has led to the identification of new and significant characteristics of the species. The new specimens show distinct variations in the morphology of the distal laminar portions of the microsporophylls. These well- preserved fossils are helpful in elucidating, reconstructing and revising the diagnostic features of S. gracilis. After comparing the characteristics of the specimens from China with those of S. sibiricus Prynada 1962, and of the pollen cones which were respectively assigned to Baiera longifolia (Pom.) Heer 1876 from Siberia, Russia, S. minor Harris 1935 from Greenland, and S. umaltensis Krassilov 1972 from Bureya River of Russia, we consider that these four names should be reduced to the synonymy of S. gracilis. Thus we revise the diagnosis of Sorosaccus. The significance of Sorosaccus in evolution of pollen cones is discussed. We consider that Sorosaccus is possibly basic to the evolution of the genus Ginkgo by the reduction of the number of microsporangia and of microsporophylls. Ginkgo liaoningensis Liu, Crane, Li & Wang 2005 from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, China represents likely one of morphologically intermediate steps between Sorosaccus and G. biloba in evolution.
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