Abstract: Seven species were included in this complex before  《Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin.》, which recognized 3 species. Carried out in this work were population sampling ( 46  populations  in  total),  cultivation,  experimental  observation, chromosome observation (published), crossing, isozymogramatic comparison, char- acter analysis (including numerical taxonomical analysis), stem anatomy and palynological observation. The results are shown as follows. 1.  This complex is found almost always out-pollinated as it is always protandrous. No apomixis is found. Seedlings are of only basal leaves in the first year, and it is only in the second year that they develop stems and come into flowering.   2. Among 32 chromosome-counted populations, all in eastern Liaoning, most in western Liaoning and two in Haoxian County of Shanxi Province are found to be 2x (2n=34), and all the others 4x (2n=68).   3. A rather wide range of zymogramatic variation of leaf esterase was detected in the complex. But seed esterase was quite constant.   4. Based on the character analysis (including numerical taxonomical analysis) and stem anatomy, the populations'are found to be different from one another in size and form of corollas, size of fruits, size and indumentum of calyces, size and form of leaves (ratios of length and width), teeth of leaves, relative length of styles and corollas, seed form as well as presence or absence of medullary fibre. As a result, 8 races are recognized. A diploid distributed in western Liaoning, which was recognized as a variety, A. polantha var. contracta, is so distinct in gross morphology that it is treated here as a species, A. contracta (Kitag.) J.Z. Qiu et Hong. With the other 7 races, 3 species (A. gmelinii, A. polyantha and A. elata) and 5 subspecies are recognized.   5. As a result of crossing among 9 populations, some F1 seeds were produced between the tetraploids, but none between the tetraploids and the diploids from eastern Liaoning.   6.  Inferred from hybrid index method, the tetraploid populations of A. gmelinii and A. polyantha may have hybridized in eastern Shanxi Province and western Hebei Province, which may explain the intergradation of these two species.   The evolution of this complex is finally deduced. Its ancestor might occupy in the past a rather wide area where it differentiated into three diploid races. From the one now distributed in eastern Liaoning, the tetraploid of A. polyantha might have evolved and migrated southwards; from the one in Haoxian (Shanxi), a tetraploid of A. gelinii might have been derived and expanded its area north- wards, and finally, its subspecies might have differentiated. No diploid has been found in A. elata. Two diploids might be involved in its origin. One might be the diploid of A. gmelinii, and the other a diploid with calyx teeth (not includedin the complex).Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug.
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